$100bn for climate finance in developing countries

Developed countries have reiterated their promise to finance climate change in developing countries worth up to $100bn per year.

The pledge, to help with the funding of climate adaptation for developing countries, was part of the Paris Agreement, and $62bn were given in 2014 – up from $52bn – for climate mitigation.

Developed nations said in a report compiled by Australia and Britain: "We are confident we will meet the $100 billion goal from a variety of sources, and reaffirm our commitment to doing so."

Thanks to the recent ratification of the EU, the Paris Agreement will enter into force on 4 November, just in time for COP22.

New funds were committed by more than 30 countries last year, including the US, France, Germany, Canada, Japan and Australia.

Already $67bn should be provided in 2020 by the public sector alone, according to the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) in the report released yesterday.

The report also says that the increasing finance from public sector could encourage private sector to commit up the necessary remaining $33bn by 2020, achieving the 100bn.

The release of the report yesterday was welcomed, only one day after the agreement reached in Rwanda on emissions form air conditioning and refrigerants.

Alison Doig of Christian Aid said: "We need to start seeing concrete examples of this impact, not just numbers on spread sheets."

climateactionprogramme.org

inngeniar

China, Citing Errors, Vows to Overhaul Rare Earth Industry

 

China’s cabinet issued on Wednesday its first white paper on rare earth industry policies, acknowledging that poorly regulated mining of rare earth metals had caused widespread environmental damage and promising an extensive cleanup and a crackdown on illegal mines.

The document warned that inefficient mining and refining practices had squandered scarce mineral reserves and produced extensive emissions of radioactive residues, heavy metals and other contaminants.

“Excessive rare earth mining has resulted in landslides, clogged rivers, environmental pollution emergencies and even major accidents and disasters, causing great damage to people’s safety and health and the ecological environment,” the white paper said.

China produces more than 90 percent of the world’s rare earth metals, which are essential to high-technology applications from smartphones to smart bombs and are also used in oil refining, glass polishing, batteries, electric car motors and many other industrial applications.

The document comes after the United States, the European Union and Japan jointly filed a case in March at the World Trade Organization that challenged China’s restrictions on rare earth exports, which were imposed in 2006 and have been repeatedly tightened since then. 

The W.T.O. case argues that the export quotas and tariffs violate free trade rules by putting pressure on companies to move their factories to China if they want to tap China’s vast supply of rare earths.

Chinese officials have previously signaled that their defense in that case will be to use a provision of W.T.O. rules that allows export restrictions for environmental protection and the conservation of scarce natural resources. But they were quick to deny Wednesday that this had been their motive for releasing the white paper.

“The protection of the environment is never a pretext for gaining advantage or increasing economic returns,” Su Bo, a deputy minister of industry, said at a news conference in Beijing.

The white paper says China has only 23 percent of the world’s rare earth reserves and has already depleted the most accessible reserves. 

But the United States Geological Survey a year ago raised its estimate of Chinese rare earth reserves, to half the world’s supply, compared with a third of the world’s reserves.

Various local and provincial governments across China have announced numerous discoveries of large rare earth deposits in recent years, yet Chinese officials have scarcely changed official estimates for nationwide reserves, rare earth industry experts point out.

The Chinese government has already been quietly closing rare earth refineries for months at a time in the last year and forcing them to install costly environmental controls. 

Together with a plunge in world prices for rare earths in the last year as a speculative surge has subsided, the environmental rules have hurt profit margins for exporters.

Dudley Kingsnorth, an adjunct professor specializing in rare earths at Curtin University in Perth, Australia, said that the white paper, “is really only a more formal statement of their current actions to place more effective control on the industry to reduce the impact on the environment while ensuring they receive a better return on their rich endowment of rare earths.”

By KEITH BRADSHER

nytimes.com

North African crops to be hit hardest by climate change

North African agriculture will be the worst affected by climate change, according to an assessment of how 50 key crops will perform around the world under increasing temperatures over the next 40 years.

Climate change will raise average crop productivity until 2020, after which it will decline by 5–10 per cent by 2050, according to research carried out by the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) in Colombia.

The results were presented last week (17 November) at a press conference to announce the launch of a Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) mega-programme to address the effects of climate change on food security.

CIAT researchers calculated the 'climatic potential to produce food' for 50 of the world's most important crops. This is the hypothetical best-case scenario in which crops can be shifted to more suitable zones to avoid the worst, or exploit the best, climate impacts.

They concluded that most of the short-term gains until 2020 will be seen in the Northern Hemisphere.

Andy Jarvis, a research fellow at CIAT, said that rice yields on the Indo-Gangetic plains will increase by around two per cent, even up to 2050. But wheat will experience productivity losses of up to 10 per cent.

In West Africa, important crops such as wheat, potato, sorghum and soya will lose out, while more robust crops such as white yam, sugar cane and plantain will benefit from the higher temperatures.

In East Africa, similar patterns will be seen, with beans — known as the protein of the poor — predicted to experience yield losses of 3–5 per cent. North Africa will experience the worst effects, with 80 per cent of its crops losing productivity to 2050 and beyond.

"There is no single region where all crops are losing productivity," said Jarvis, "but people are depending on very specific crops for their food security, and in many cases the crop they're growing today is going to lose out in the future.

"Local cultures may need to change their practices by growing different crops from what they grow today. That is obviously quite an upheaval for those communities, and it's something that we need to work towards and try to avoid if possible," he said.

Even in areas where significant increases in crop yields are seen, there will be other knock-on effects, he added.

For example, farmers on the Indo-Gangetic plain are already experiencing lower wheat yields because of increased temperatures. Changing wheat planting times means changing rice planting times — as the two are grown in cycles — which causes problems with irrigation.

The Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security programme, which will be formally announced on December 4 at the climate change conference (COP 16) in Cancun, Mexico, will pool knowledge on the impacts of climate change on food security to try and find a way forward.

The programme aims to reduce poverty in targeted regions by 10 per cent, and reduce the number of rural malnourished poor by a quarter, by 2020. It also hopes to put agriculture on the post-2012 international climate-change agenda.

Naomi Antony

SciDev.net

More than three billion dollar for renewable energy projects in U.S.

The program will provide direct payments in lieu of tax credits in support of an estimated 5,000 bio-mass, solar, wind, and other types of renewable energy production facilities.

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The U.S. Department of the Treasury and the U.S. Department of Energy announced an estimated three billion dollars for the development of renewable energy projects around the country and made available the guidance businesses will need to submit a successful application.

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Funded through the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, the program will provide direct payments in lieu of tax credits in support of an estimated 5,000 bio-mass, solar, wind, and other types of renewable energy production facilities.

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“The renewable energy program provides another important avenue for the Recovery Act to contribute to economic development in communities around the country,” said Treasury Secretary Tim Geithner.

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“It will provide additional stimulus to economies in urban and rural America by helping to develop domestic sources of clean energy.

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This partnership between Treasury and Energy will enable both large companies and small businesses to invest in our long-term energy needs, protect our environment and revitalize our nation’s economy."

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The Recovery Act authorized Treasury to make direct payments to companies that create and place in service renewable energy facilities beginning January 1, 2009.

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Previously, these companies could file for a tax credit to cover a portion of the renewable energy project’s cost; under the new program, applicants would agree to forgo tax credits down the line in favor of an immediate reimbursement of a portion of the property expense.

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This direct payment program allows for an immediate stimulus in local economies.

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“These payments will help spur major private sector investments in clean energy and create new jobs for America's workers.

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It is part of our broad effort to double our renewable energy capacity in the next few years and make sure that America leads the world in creating the new clean energy economy of the future,” said Energy Secretary Steven Chu.In previous years, the tax credit has been widely used.

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It is considered a successful incentive for encouraging the development of renewable energy.

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In 2006, approximately $550 million in tax credits were provided to 450 businesses.

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The rate of new renewable energy installations has fallen since the economic and financial downturns began, as projects had a harder time obtaining financing.

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The Departments of Treasury and Energy expect a fast acceleration of businesses applying for the energy funds in lieu of the tax credit.

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Energética XXI